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A musical keyboard is a collection of adjacent levers or keys found on various musical instruments. These keys are designed to be pressed to produce specific sounds, often corresponding to the notes of the Western musical scale. Keyboards can be found on a variety of instruments, including acoustic and electric pianos, organs, synthesizers, and more.

The layout of a keyboard typically consists of keys for the twelve notes of the Western musical scale, repeating at intervals known as octaves. The keys are divided into two groups: larger, longer keys and smaller, shorter keys. The longer keys represent the natural notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A, B) and are often referred to as white keys due to their historical covering in ivory. The shorter keys represent the remaining five notes (C♯/D♭, D♯/E♭, F♯/G♭, G♯/A♭, A♯/B♭) and are raised above the white keys. These shorter keys, commonly called black keys, create a pentatonic scale.

The arrangement of longer and shorter keys dates back to the 15th century, with some historical keyboard instruments featuring reversed color schemes, such as ebony for white notes and bone for black notes. This reversed scheme was also used in certain electronic instruments from the 1960s onwards.

Additionally, some keyboards feature a split between certain notes, allowing for separate control of different sounds or registrations. This feature, found in instruments like the harmonium, reappeared in the 19th century.

Overall, the keyboard layout, often associated with the piano, remains a fundamental aspect of many musical instruments, facilitating the creation of melodies and harmonies across a wide range of genres and styles.