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The papaya, scientifically known as Carica papaya, is a fruit-bearing plant belonging to the Caricaceae family, with its origins traced back to Mesoamerica, specifically southern Mexico and Central America. India emerged as the leading producer, contributing to 43% of the global papaya supply in 2020.
Characterized by a small, sparsely branched tree reaching heights of 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft), the papaya features spirally arranged leaves concentrated at the top of the trunk. The lower trunk bears distinct scars from past leaf and fruit growth. Its large leaves, measuring 50–70 cm (20–28 in) in diameter, are deeply palmately lobed with seven lobes, containing latex in articulated laticifers.
Papayas are dioecious, with male and female flowers exhibiting notable dimorphism. Male flowers have fused stamens and petals, while female flowers possess a superior ovary and loosely connected petals. Both genders are found in leaf axils, with male flowers forming multiflowered dichasia and female flowers occurring in few-flowered dichasia. These sweet-scented flowers open at night and rely on wind or insects for pollination.
The fruit, a large berry ranging from 15 to 45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) in length and 10 to 30 cm (3.9–11.8 in) in diameter, is considered ripe when it feels soft and its skin takes on an amber to orange hue. Inside, numerous black seeds are attached to the walls of the central cavity. Commonly grown varieties include those with sweet, red or orange flesh, and those with yellow flesh, known respectively as "red papaya" and "yellow papaw" in Australia. When harvested green, both varieties are referred to as "green papaya".
Notably, efforts have been made to develop papaya varieties resistant to the papaya ringspot virus (PRV) through hybridization with Vasconcellea quercifolia. Global production of papayas reached 13.9 million tonnes in 2020, with significant growth driven by increased production in India and demand from the United States, the largest consumer of papayas worldwide.
